Python does not have explicit access modifiers like public , private , and protected as in some other languages like Java or C++. Instead, it relies on naming conventions to indicate the intended level of access. Here's how it works: 1. Public (default) Any attribute or method is public by default. This means it can be accessed from anywhere in the code. class MyClass: def __init__(self): self.public_var = "I am public" obj = MyClass() print(obj.public_var) # Accessible from anywhere 2. Protected (indicated by a single underscore _ ) By convention, attributes or methods with a leading underscore are considered protected , meaning they are intended to be used only within the class and its subclasses. This is a convention and not enforced by the language. class MyClass: def __init__(self): self._protected_var = "I am protected" obj = MyClass() pr...